A) protest the government's removal of fuel subsidies.
B) call for serious investigations into allegations of government corruption.
C) call for greater privatization and economic liberalization.
D) press the federal government to accede to demands by states for greater control of the resources within their borders.
E) press for investigations of alleged ties between the Nigerian government and foreign corporations.
G) B) and D)
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A) Nigeria's population is roughly split between Islam and Christianity, although some traditional belief systems persist.
B) Religious tensions have been most volatile in the Middle Belt region of the country.
C) The major Christian denomination in Nigeria is Catholicism.
D) Religious identities generally are associated with ethnic identities in Nigeria.
E) Religious cultures have consistently clashed over political issues such as the secular character of the state.
G) B) and E)
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A) One characterized by laissez-faire, with the state playing a minimal role in the economy
B) An interventionist one with the state intruding unhindered into the major sectors of the economy
C) A mixed one involving some government planning and intervention, but with a strong market-based economy as well
D) A command economy involving the government setting five-year economic plans for the entire economy
E) A predatory one in which political leaders regularly use their positions for economic benefit
G) B) and C)
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A) Desertification has forced Muslim nomadic herdsmen to move to the more temperate areas settled by Christian farmers.
B) Pollution in the Niger Delta has killed off much of the local fish stock upon which communities depend.
C) Nigeria's growing population and urbanization has generated environmental problems.
D) One reason there was a military insurgency in the Niger Delta has to do with the fact that the military government failed to address the issues raised by environmental organizations.
E) Nigeria has generally been unaffected by rising sea levels that might be caused by climate change.
G) D) and E)
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A) Parastatals refer only to industries indirectly owned and managed by the state.
B) Nigeria began to establish parastatals in the 1970s.
C) Nigeria began to divest itself of its parastatals as part of its structural adjustment program.
D) Although the government has sold off many of its parastatals, the state remains the country's biggest employer and the most important source of revenue.
E) One reason parastatals were established was to accelerate economic development in Nigeria.
G) A) and B)
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A) More than 75 percent of Nigerian youth live on less than a dollar a day.
B) Over 70 percent of Nigerians are under the age of 30 and almost half are under the age of 19.
C) At least a fifth of younger Nigerians are unemployed.
D) Mainstream political organizations are dominated by older Nigerians while many antistate organizations are dominated by the young.
E) The main reason Nigeria's population is skewed toward young people is that, while birthrates are dropping, the country still has a low life expectancy rate.
G) A) and C)
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A) The Supreme court consists of nine appointed justices, including a chief justice.
B) After being severely compromised during the years of military rule, the judiciary has become increasingly independent.
C) State are permitted to establish their own courts based on customary or religious law.
D) Most courts in Nigeria are based on common law.
E) Secular courts retain supreme jurisdiction if conflicts arise between customary and secular law.
G) All of the above
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A) direct actions like strikes and protests.
B) forming relations with the National Assembly and state legislatures.
C) forming close relations with political parties.
D) establishing close ties to state officials.
E) exposing government corruption.
G) B) and C)
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A) coincide with traditional ethnic and tribal boundaries.
B) were arbitrarily drawn by the British to mark where their influence ended and the French's began.
C) coincide roughly with the boundaries of a single African polity that predated the arrival of the British.
D) were created by the League of Nations under its mandate system.
E) correspond to natural features.
G) A) and D)
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A) democratic with widespread civic participation.
B) dictatorial.
C) dependent upon the military for support.
D) authoritarian despite the formal democratization of state institutions.
E) apathetic.
G) D) and E)
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A) northeast, the Middle Belt and the southern minority zone.
B) northwest, the Middle Belt and the southern minority zone.
C) southeast, the Middle Belt and the southern minority zone.
D) southwest, the Middle Belt and the northern minority zone.
E) northern minority zone, the southern minority zone and the Middle Belt.
G) B) and C)
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A) The salaries of federal and state bureaucracies account for about half of government expenditures.
B) Positions with both federal and state bureaucracies have tended to be appointed on the basis of patronage.
C) There has never been any serious effort to reform bureaucracies in Nigeria.
D) Nigeria's bureaucracy became increasingly "Africanized" prior to independence.
E) The size of Nigeria's bureaucracy has shrunk since independence.
G) A) and E)
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A) They have consistently been divided along ethnic lines.
B) They have consistently been divided along ideological lines.
C) They are elite-centered structures that lack an ideological basis and exist mostly to capture power.
D) They compete vigorously at the local and state level but not at the federal level.
E) They have consistently been divided along religious lines.
G) A) and C)
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A) Hausa, the Falani and the Yoruba.
B) Hausa, the Kenum and the Yoruba.
C) Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
D) Hausa, Igbo and the Kenum.
E) Hausa, Igbo and the Karuni.
G) D) and E)
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A) Although ethnic, regional, and religious differences have hampered their solidarity, they have served as an important challenge to the government and a potent force in society.
B) They are extremely corrupt and have colluded with the federal government for rents.
C) Due to a history of state corporatism, they have been co-opted by the government and fail to act independently.
D) They have never been a significant force in Nigeria.
E) Because they are highly fragmented along ethnic, regional and religious differences, their political impact has been minimal.
G) C) and D)
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A) prefer democratic rule over other alternatives.
B) have concerns about the pace of democratization.
C) have begun to question the merits of democratic rule.
D) prefer democratic rule over other alternatives but are concerned about both the slow pace of reform and corruption.
E) believe that it is necessary to divide the country into separate nations along ethnic lines.
G) A) and E)
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A) any form of nonproductive economic activity undertaken by the government.
B) charges by the government for the use of natural resources by foreign companies.
C) government earnings that are not channeled back into investment of policies that would benefit the public good.
D) government earnings of any type.
E) government earnings that come in the form of hard currency.
G) B) and C)
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